On April 12, the Confederates opened fire with cannon. The fort’s commander, Major Robert Anderson, refused. On April 10, 1861, knowing that fresh supplies were on their way from the North to the federal garrison at Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, provisional Confederate forces in the city demanded the fort’s surrender.
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Throughout the war, the Union had a decided advantage in both numbers and quality of naval vessels. The most famous clash between ocean-going warships was the duel between USS Kearsarge and CSS Alabama off Cherbourg, France, June 19, 1864. Other actions include the Battle of Memphis (1862), Charleston Harbor (1863), and Mobile Bay (1864), and the naval sieges of Vicksburg in 1862 and again in 1863.
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Most naval actions occurred on rivers and inlets or in harbors, and include history’s first clash between two ironclads, the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia (a captured and converted ship formerly called the Merrimac) at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on March 9, 1862. An untold number of civilians also perished, primarily from disease as entire towns became hospitals. Casualties of the Civil War cannot be calculated exactly, due to missing records (especially on the Southern side) and the inability to determine exactly how many combatants died from wounds, drug addiction, or other war-related causes after leaving the service. More than twice that number were wounded but survived at least long enough to muster out. An estimated total of 785,000-1,000,000 were killed in action or died of disease. Davis’ War.” Troop Strength and Casualtiesīetween April 1861 and April 1865, an estimated 1.5 million troops joined the war on the side of the Union and approximately 1.2 million went into Confederate service. Lincoln’s War” and, less commonly, as “Mr. Northerners have also called the Civil War the “war to preserve the Union,” the “war of the rebellion” (war of the Southern rebellion), and the “war to make men free.” Southerners may refer to it as the “war between the States” or the “war of Northern aggression.” In the decades following the conflict, those who did not wish to upset adherents of either side simply called it “the late unpleasantness.” It is also known as “Mr. All of the nation’s ethnic groups participated in the war, including Irish, Germans, American Indians, Jews, Chinese, Hispanics, etc. During the war, women took on new roles, including running farms and plantations and working as spies some disguised themselves as men and fought in battle. Over the course of the Civil War, weapons ranged from obsolete flintlocks to state-of-the-art repeaters. There were advances in medical treatment, military tactics and the chaplain service. service, the first use of quinine to treat typhoid fever, America’s first military draft, and many others.
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It was a war that saw many “firsts” that included America’s first income tax, the first battle between ironclad ships, the first extensive use of black soldiers and sailors in U.S. With the defeat of the Southern Confederacy and the subsequent passage of the XIII, XIV, and XV amendments to the Constitution, the Civil War’s lasting effects include abolishing the institution of slavery in America and firmly redefining the United States as a single, indivisible nation rather than a loosely bound collection of independent states. Civil War ArticlesĮxplore articles from the HistoryNet archives about the Civil WarĬivil War Summary: The American Civil War, 1861–1865, resulted from long-standing sectional differences and questions not fully resolved when the United States Constitution was ratified in 1789, primarily the issue of slavery and states rights. To view more Civil War facts and FAQs, please view our Civil War Facts page. View more Civil War Battlefields More Civil War Facts The battlefields of the Civil War crossed the nation and made famous many previously unknown towns, crossroads, and farms like Antietam Creek, Shiloh and Gettysburg. View our Civil War Timeline Civil War Battlefields See events by year and important Civil War dates. See a timeline of events of the Civil War from 1861-1865. View our Civil War Maps Civil War Timeline
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The Civil War made wide use of battle maps. See our Civil War Pictures Civil War Maps Many American Civil War images, pictures, and photos have survived. The Civil War was the first war that was widely photographed. See Details Of Civil War Casualties Outcome Eastern Theater, Western Theater, Trans-Mississippi, Gulf Coast, Sioux Uprising DatesĬonfederate: over 1,000,000 Civil War Casualties